Natural Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the oil and gas industry

Radioactive materials which occur naturally and expose people to radiation widely, are known by the acronym 'NORM'. Exposure NORM is often increased human activities, eg burning coal, making using fertilisers, oil gas production.
 Many natural contain radioactive elements (radionuclides). The earth's crust constantly leaks radon into our atmosphere. However, while level of individual exposure from all this usually trivial, some issues arise regarding regulation, also perspective in relation what classified as waste.The radionuclides identified streams belong decay chains occurring primordial 238U 232Th. Analyses many different fields show that solids found downhole surface structures production facilities do not include gas
 These mobilized reservoir rock contains oil, formation water.
 Formation water radium isotopes 226Ra series, 228Ra 224Ra 232Th series. All three isotopes, but their parents, thus appear co-produced with or gas. 228Th radionuclide sometimes detected aged sludge. This causes precipitation sulphate carbonate scales. mixed stream carries noble 222Rn generated through 226Ra. It would concentrations 226Ra, scales sludge range less than 0.1 Bq/g up 15 000 Bq/g. Generally,
 activity lower scales, opposite applies 210Pb. deposition contaminated pipes vessels may produce significant dose rates inside outside these components. Maximum a few microsieverts per hour. In exceptional cases, measured directly on surfaces equipment have reached several hundred hour, about 1000 times greater normal background values due cosmic terrestrial radiation.